Relación entre adiposidad corporal y fuerza de prensión manual con la preocupación por la alimentación en deportistas universitarios / Relationship between body adiposity and handgrip strength with dietaryconcerns in university athletes

Introducción: La composición corporal es clave para tener un adecuado estado de salud y aptitud física. Así también, la fuerza muscular es usada como un predictor importante del rendimiento deportivo. Objetivo: Relacionar la adiposidad corporal y la fuerza de prensión manual con la preocupación por la alimentación en deportistas universitarios. Metodología: Se efectuó un estudio de tipo descriptivo (comparativo-correlacional) en 130 deportistas universitarios de una universidad de Chile (90 hombres y 40 mujeres). El rango de edad osciló entre los 18 y 28 años. Se evaluó las medidas antropométricas: peso, estatura, 5 pliegues cutáneos (bicipital, tricipital, subescapular, suprailíaco y abdominal), la fuerza de prensión manual (FPM) y se aplicó la escala de preocupación por la alimentación. Se calculó el % de grasa corporal, el Índice de masa corporal (IMC). Resultados: La escala de preocupación por la alimentación se relacionó negativamente con los indicadores de adiposidad corporal (r= -0,16 a -0,33; p<0,05), mientras tanto, las correlaciones de la FPM (derecha e izquierda) con la escala de preocupación por la alimentación fueron positivas (r= 0,20 a 0,24; p<0.05). Los hombres categorizados con alta y moderada preocupación por la alimentación presentaron mejores niveles de adiposidad y mayor FPM en la mano derecha (p<0,05), mientras que las mujeres, únicamente las categorizadas con alto nivel de preocupación presentaron bajos niveles de adiposidad y mejor FPM en ambos manos (p<0,05). Conclusión: Los jóvenes que presentan mayor preocupación por la alimentación evidenciaron menor nivel de adiposidad corporal y un mejor desempeño en la FPM que sus contrapartes con menor preocupación. Estos resultados sugieren promover charlas en relación al consumo de alimentos, dado que puede ser una excelente alternativa para sensibilizar a los jóvenes en el cuidado de su adiposidad corporal y la fuerza isométrica.(AU)

Introduction: Body composition is key to having an ade-quate state of health and fitness. Also, muscle strength isused as an important predictor of sports performance.Objective: To relate body adiposity and hand grip strengthto nutritional concerns in university athletes. Methodology: A descriptive study (comparative-correla-tional) was carried out in 130 university athletes from a uni-versity in Chile (90 men and 40 women). The age range wasbetween 18 and 28 years. Anthropometric measurementswere evaluated: weight, height, 5 skinfolds (bicipital, tricipi-tal, subscapular, suprailiac and abdominal), manual gripstrength (MPF) and the food concern scale was applied. Bodyfat %, body mass index (BMI) were calculated.Results: The food preoccupation scale was negatively re-lated to body adiposity indicators (r= -0.16 to -0.33; p<0.05),while the correlations of FPM (right and left) with the foodpreoccupation scale were positive (r= 0.20 to 0.24; p<0.05).Males categorized with high and moderate concern about ea-ting presented better levels of adiposity and higher FPM in theright hand (p<0.05), while females, only those categorizedwith high level of concern presented low levels of adiposityand better FPM in both hands (p<0.05).Conclusion: Young people with a higher level of concernabout food showed lower levels of body adiposity and betterperformance in FPM than their counterparts with lower levelsof concern. These results suggest promoting talks regardingfood consumption, since it can be an excellent alternative tosensitize young people to take care of their body adiposityand isometric strength.(AU)

Effects of different plyometric training frequencies on physical performance in youth male volleyball players: a randomized trial.

This study aimed to analyze the effect of plyometric training (PT) at different frequencies on jump performance, running sprint speed, and service speed in youth male volleyball players. The participants were randomly assigned to one PT session per week (Experimental Group 1, EG1, n = 15), two PT sessions per week (Experimental Group 2, EG2, n = 14), and a control group (CG, n = 13). The total weekly jumping ranged between 98 and 196 jumps (equalized between, EG1 and, EG2). The assessments performed were squat jump (SJ), countermovement jump (CMJ), CMJ-arms, drop jump (DJ), 5-m sprint, 10-m sprint, and service speed. The intragroup comparisons showed that, EG1 significantly (p < 0.001) improved SJ (Δ = 12.74%; d = 1.30), CMJ (Δ = 11.94%; d = 1.71), CMJ-arms (Δ = 12.02%; d = 1.47), DJ (Δ = 10.93%; d = 1.30), 5-m sprint (Δ = -4.61%; d = 0.29), 10-m sprint (Δ = -3.95%; d = 0.40) and service speed (Δ = 8.17%; d = 1.53). Similarly, EG2 significantly (p˂ 0.001) improved SJ (Δ = 11.52%; d = 1.25), CMJ (Δ = 11.29%; d = 1.38), CMJ-arms (Δ = 11.42%; d = 1.26), DJ (Δ = 13.90%; d = 2.17), 5-m sprint (Δ = -3.85%; d = 0.25), 10-m sprint (Δ = -2.73%; d = 0.25) and service speed (Δ = 6.77%; d = 1.44). The CG significantly (p < 0.05) improved SJ (Δ = 2.68; d = 0.28), CMJ-arms (Δ = 2.30; d = 0.35), 5-m sprint (Δ = -1.27; d = 0.10) and service speed (Δ = 1.42; d = 0.30). Intergroup comparisons revealed significantly greater improvements in all variables (p < 0.001) in, EG1 and, EG2 concerning to CG. However, no significant differences were found between, EG1 and, EG2. A moderate weekly PT volume, distributed in one or two sessions per week, seems equally effective.

Systematic review of the anthropometric profile of female futsal players 2010-2020.

The objective was to summarize the scientific literature on the anthropometric characteristics of female futsal players. A systematic review documentary study was carried out. SCOPUS, PUBMED and SCIELO databases were used to search for information on primary studies related to the anthropometric profile of women's indoor soccer (elite and non-elite). The keywords used were: futsal, female, anthropometry. The range of years for the search was from 2010 to 2020. To analyze anthropometric differences, two groups were formed: group A: elite and group B: non-elite. 31 primary studies were identified, 22 (71%) in Scopus, 5 (16.1%) in PUBMED and 4 (12.9%) in SCIELO. Three publication languages were considered (English, Spanish and Portuguese) and 6 countries were identified (Brazil, Spain, Iran, Turkey, Venezuela and Italy). Players in the elite group evidenced higher weight, height, and BMI relative to their non-elite counterparts. Discrepancy in anthropometric characteristics between elite and non-elite players was verified. These results suggest that in order to participate in competitions at the highest level in women's futsal, they should have greater weight, height and BMI than their non-elite counterparts.

Comparación de parámetros antropométricos y de composición corporal de futbolistas profesionales / A Comparison of Anthropometric Parameters and the Body Composition of Professional Soccer Players

Resumen El presente estudio tuvo por objetivo comparar los parámetros antropométricos y de composición corporal en futbolistas profesionales en cinco temporadas. Se efectuó un estudio transversal (comparativo). Se estudió a 120 futbolistas, donde cada cohorte por año se evaluó a 24 futbolistas. El rango de edad fue de 18 a 37 años. Se evaluó a los futbolistas al inicio de cada temporada en los años 2012 a 2016: Se midió el peso, la estatura, seis pliegues cutáneos (Tríceps, subescapular, supra-iliaco, abdominal, muslo y pantorrilla). Se calculó el Índice de Masa corporal IMC, % de grasa, la masa grasa y masa libre de grasa MLG. El tejido adiposo se agrupó en tres grupos (brazo: (tricpes+subescapular, tronco: suprailiaco+abdominal, Piernas: muslo+pantorrilla). Hubo diferencias en el peso corporal, la estatura, la sumatoria de los 6 pliegues y la MLG a lo largo de los 5 años. [año 2012 (Peso: 76,6±7.8kg, estatura: 177.6±5.7cm, Pliegues: 58.7±12.8mm, MLG: 64.5±6.3mm), año 2013: (Peso: 77.8±6.4kg, Estatura: 178,4±4.4, Pliegues: 60.1±15.9mm, MLG:66.3±3.5mm), año 2014: (Peso: 74.9±5.7kg, Estatura: 177.0±5.8cm, Pliegues: 54.4±14.7mm, MLG: 64.5±4.5kg), año 2015: (Peso: 74.1±6.8kg, Estatura: 176.1±5.5cm, Pliegues: 54.9±15.6mm, MLG: 63.8±4.6kg), año 2016: (Peso: 72.7±kg, Estatura: 175.3±6.9kg, Pliegues: 50.8±12.mm, MLG: 62.8±5.9kg)]. Este estudio verificó que el perfil antropométrico y el tejido adiposo de los futbolistas fueron disminuyendo en cada temporada, mientras que la MLG reflejó similares valores en cada uno de las cohortes evaluadas.

Abstract The present cross-sectional (comparative) study aimed to compare the anthropometric and body composition parameters in professional soccer players over five seasons. It was conducted on 120 soccer players grouped in a cohort of 24 subjects per year. The age range was 18 to 37 years. The footballers were evaluated at the beginning of each season from 2012 to 2016; weight, height, six skin folds (triceps, subscapularis, supra-iliac, abdominal, thigh, and calf) were evaluated from 2012 to 2015. The Body Mass Index (BMI), fat percentage, fat mass, and FFM were calculated. The adipose tissue was grouped into three groups: arm (triceps + subscapular), trunk (supra iliac + abdominal), and legs (thigh + calf). Body weight, height, the sum of the 6 folds, and the MLG varied during the 5 years. For 2012 the results were the following: Weight, 76.6 ± 7.8kg; Height, 177.6 ± 5.7cm; Folds, 58.7 ± 12.8mm; MLG, 64.5 ± 6.3mm). In 2013, these were the results: Weight, 77.8 ± 6.4kg; Height, 178, 4 ± 4.4; Folds, 60.1 ± 15.9mm; MLG, 66.3 ± 3.5mm). These were the measures obtained in 2014: Weight, 74.9 ± 5.7kg; Height, 177.0 ± 5.8cm; Folds, 54.4 ± 14.7mm; MLG, 64.5 ± 4.5kg ). And these were of the year 2015: Weight, 74.1 ± 6.8kg; Height, 176.1 ± 5.5cm; Folds, 54.9 ± 15.6mm; MLG, 63.8 ± 4.6kg). Finally, in 2016 these were the measures collected: Weight, 72.7 ± kg; Height, 175.3 ± 6.9 kg; Folds, 50.8 ± 12.mm; MLG, 62.8 ± 5.9kg. This study verified that the soccer players' anthropometric profile and adipose tissue decreased each season, while the MLG reflected similar values in each of the evaluated cohorts.

Resumo O presente estudo teve como objetivo comparar os parâmetros antropométricos e de composição corporal em jogadores profissionais de futebol durante cinco temporadas. Foi realizado um estudo transversal (comparativo). Foi estudado um total de 120 jogadores de futebol, onde cada coorte por ano foram avaliados 24 jogadores. A faixa etária era de 18 a 37 anos. Os futebolistas foram avaliados no início de cada temporada, nos anos de 2012 a 2016. Foram medidas altura, peso, seis dobras da pele (tríceps, subescapular, supra ilíaca, abdominal, coxa e calcanhar). Foram calculados índice de massa corporal IMC, % de gordura, massa de gordura e massa livre de gordura MLG. O tecido adiposo foi agrupado em três grupos (braço: tríceps + subescapular, tronco: suprailíaco + abdominal, pernas: coxa + calcanhar). Houve diferenças no peso corporal, na altura, a soma de 6 dobras e a MLG ao longo dos 5 anos: ano 2012 (Peso: 76,6±7,8kg, Altura: 177,6±5,7cm, Dobras: 58,7±12,8mm, GLM: 64,5±6,3mm), ano 2013 (Peso: 77,8±6,4kg, Altura: 178,4±4,4, Dobras: 60,1±15,9mm, GLM:66,3±3.5mm), ano 2014 (Peso: 74,9±5,7kg, Altura: 177,0±5,8cm, Dobras: 54,4±14,7mm, GLM: 64,5±4,5kg), ano 2015 (Peso: 74,1±6,8kg, Altura: 176,1±5,5cm, Dobras: 54,9±15,6mm, GLM: 63,8±4,6kg), ano 2016 (Peso: 72,7±kg, Altura: 175,3±6,9kg, Dobras: 50,8±12,mm, GLM: 62,8±5,9kg). Este estudo verificou que o perfil antropométrico e o tecido adiposo dos jogadores de futebol diminuíram em cada temporada, enquanto que a MLG refletiu valores similares em cada um dos coortes avaliados.

Relación entre Índice de Masa Corporal con trastornos del sueño en adolescentes escolares / Relationship between Body Mass Index with sleep disorders in school adolescents

Fundamentos: El trastorno del sueño está relacionado con diferentes factores, entre los que destaca el índice de masa corporal (IMC). Un inadecuado y/o insuficiente sueño puede causar obesidad y desencadenar en la presencia de diversas enfermedades cardiometabólicas a edades tempranas. El objetivo del trabajo fue verificar la relación entre trastornos del sueño y el IMC de adolecentes de ambos sexos, y comparar los valores del trastorno del sueño y el IMC con los valores de referencia de Chile. Métodos: Se efectuó un estudio descriptivo transversal en 119 adolescentes (69 hombres y 50 mujeres) con un rango de edad de 16 a 17 años. Se evaluó el peso, la estatura y se calculó el IMC. Se evaluaron los trastornos del sueño con una escala de autopercepción de 24 preguntas. Resultados: Hubo correlación positiva entre los trastornos del sueño con el IMC (hombres r= 0,13, p<0,05, y en mujeres r= 0,16, p<0,05). No hubo diferencias en el IMC con la referencia chilena, las variaciones fueronmínimas entre ambos sexos (entre 0,03 a 1,61kg/m2). En los trastornos del sueño, los adolescentes del estudio obtuvieron puntaciones significativamente más altas que la referencia chilena (oscilando entre 15,3 a 17,5 puntos). Conclusiones: Los trastornos del sueño parecen tener relación con el incremento del IMC y/o viceversa, esto podría desempeñar un papel importante para el desarrollo de obesidad entre los jóvenes. (AU)

Background: Sleep disorder is related to different factors such as body mass index. Inadequate and / or insufficient sleep can cause obesity and trigger the presence of various cardiometabolic diseases at an early age. To verify the relationship between sleep disorders with the BMI Body Mass Index of adolescents of both sexes, and to compare the BMI and sleep disorder values with the reference values for Chile. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional (correlational) study was conducted in 119 adolescents (69 men and 50 women) with an age range of 16 to 17 years. Weight, height, and BMI were calculated. Sleep disorderswere assessed with a self-perception scale of 24 questions. Results: There was a positive correlation between sleep disorders and BMI (men r= 0.13, p<0.05, and in women r= 0.16, p<0.05). There were no differences in BMI with the Chilean reference; variations wereminimal (between 0.03 to 1.61kg/m2 in both sexes). In sleep disorders, the adolescents in the study obtained significantly higher scores than the Chilean reference (ranging from 15.3 to 17.5 points). Conclusions: Sleep disorders seem to be related to the increase in BMI and / or vice versa, this could play an important role for the development of obesity among young people. (AU)

Body fat and aerobic capacity of physical education students from a Chilean university.

The components of physical fitness, aerobic capacity and anthropometric characteristics play an important role in maintaining and protecting cardiorespiratory functioning during all stages of life. The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship between body fat indicators and aerobic capacity of students in a physical education program. A descriptive study (cross-sectional) was carried out with 110 physical education university students (75 males and 35 females). Ages ranged between 17.7 and 26.1 years old. Weight, standing height, sitting height, waist circumference (WC), and seven skinfolds (mm) were evaluated. Body Mass Index (BMI) was calculated. The Navette test (20m back and forth run) was used to assess the students. The correlations between adiposity and aerobic capacity for males varied from r= -0.21 to 0.34 and for females, from r= -0.21 to 0.34. In general, greater body adiposity (BMI, WC, and skinfolds) was a determinant in the males (R2= 14 to 27%). For the females, the Σ 7 skinfolds explained 11% of the adiposity. Males and females classified as having a high level of aerobic capacity showed less fat tissue (Σ 7 skinfolds) than those with moderate and low aerobic capacity (p<0.05). The results from this study indicated that body adiposity expressed as fat tissue limited aerobic capacity in a greater proportion of the males than in the females. The youth classified with high aerobic capacity showed less body fat than their counterparts classified as having moderate and low levels of aerobic capacity.

A systematic review of intervention programs that produced changes in speed and explosive strength in youth footballers.

A soccer player should possess a reasonable level of different skills and abilities, so the playing position, level of training, style of play, physical and physiological demands can influence his performance. The objective was to identify the intervention programs that have been applied in search of generating positive effects on explosive strength and speed in young soccer players, as well as to identify the percentage of improvement among soccer players. A bibliographic study of systematic review was carried out. Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) statement, bibliographic searches were performed in the PubMed database. The following descriptors were used: Explosive Strength, soccer players, jump performance, CMJ, SJ, VJ, Plyometrics, power, speed, sprint, kicking speed, change of direction speed, soccer player, football and training, intervention. Articles were included only if they were original articles, studied populations of young soccer players and showed an intervention program related to explosive strength and speed. Six studies were identified that applied intervention programs to look for changes in speed and explosive strength in young soccer players. In the 5m speed tests, significant changes were observed, improving from (0.26 to 0.53m/s), 10m speed (0.07 to 0.27m/s), 20m speed (0.08 to 1.92m/s) and 40m speed (0.25 to 0.62m/s). In explosive strength, performance in the test squat jump SJ (4.1 to 8.6cm), countermovement jump CMJ (1.0 to 8.8cm), horizontal jump HJ (12.17 to 24.4cm) and vertical jump VJ (5.0 to 11.0cm). Speed and explosive strength are relevant components of athletic performance and can be improved through training programs that include 20 to 40min sessions, training two to five times per week over a period of approximately 6 to 9 weeks.

Relationship between muscular fitness and bone health in young baseball players.

The physical actions developed by baseball players can increase muscular fitness, and consequently improve bone health. The objective was to relate some indicators of muscular fitness to bone health in young baseball players. A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out in 102 children and adolescent baseball players of the Brazilian National Team. The age range ranged from 9.0 to 15.0 years, the average chronological age was 12.2±2.2 years and the maturity status was 14.8±0.5 APHV (age at peak height velocity). Anthropometry, body composition [% fat, fat mass (FM) and fat-free mass (FFM)], physical tests [horizontal jump (HJ) and medicine ball throw (MBT)] bone health was estimated by anthropometry [bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mineral content (BMC)]. There was positive and significant correlation between bone health with FFM (r2= 89%) and with muscle strength tests (HJ and MBT) (R2= 55 to 75%). Young baseball players classified with low bone health level, reflected decreased values of FFM, HJ and MBT, in relation to young players classified with moderate and high bone health level (p<0.05). It was shown that good bone health is a consequence of a greater presence of muscular fitness, as a result of increased physical activity. These results suggest that emphasis should be placed on those young people who present a greater risk of having low BMD and BMC.

Regulation data for the horizontal jump of children and adolescents.

The Horizontal Jump (HJ) is a daily tool that could be used to categorize the level of muscle fitness performance of the lower limbs. The goal was to compare the muscle fitness with those of international studies and to propose percentiles to assess the HJ performance of children and adolescents. A cross-sectional study was conducted. A total number of 3023 children and adolescents between the ages of 6.0 to 17.9 were studied. Weight, height, waist circumference (WC), and lower limb muscle fitness were evaluated. The student HJ performance values in Chile were inferior when compared to HJ performance in Brazil, Poland and Europe. For the Greek study, differences occurred only from age 6 to 15 years old. In comparison to Colombia, students showed better muscle fitness performance. These differences appeared in childhood and lasted until the beginning of adolescence. Percentiles were created to assess the lower limb fitness being an easy tool to be used and applied to classify lower limb strength.

Aerobic capacity of chilean adults and elderly: proposal of classification by regional percentiles / Capacidade aeróbia de adultos e idosos chilenos: proposta de classificação por percentis regionais / Capacidad aeróbica de adultos y ancianos chilenos: propuesta de clasificación por percentiles regionales

ABSTRACT Introduction Aerobic fitness is an important predictor that contributes to the preservation of functional independence during the aging process. Its measurement represents a fundamental tool in the identification of multiple health problems. Objective To compare the aerobic capacity of adults and elderly subjects through international studies and to develop percentiles by age group using the LMS method. Methods A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted with 1146 subjects (437 men and 709 women). The age group of the sample ranged from 50 to 84 years. The subjects evaluated came from the physical activity programs offered by the National Sports Institute (IND) and by the city council of Talca (Chile). Body mass, stature, oxygen saturation (SatO2), six-minute walk test, and systolic and diastolic blood pressure were assessed. Body Mass Index (BMI) was calculated for both sexes. The LMS method was used to propose the percent distribution. Results Aerobic capacity decreases with age (28.5% for men and 29.9% for women). There was a negative relationship between age and the six-minute walk test (men r = -0.13 and women r = -0.39). There was a discrepancy between the elderly subjects in the current study and those from international studies. The normative data for the classification of aerobic fitness were expressed in percentiles (p3, p5, p10, p15, p25, p50, p75, p85, p90, p95 and p97). Conclusion The aerobic performance of elderly subjects diminishes as they age; in addition, the current results differ from international studies, which motivated the development of percentiles to classify aerobic fitness in everyday situations, especially in places with few resources and particularly where field tests are considered a priority for large-scale physical evaluation. Level of evidence II; Diagnostic studies - investigation of diagnostic test.

RESUMO Introdução A aptidão aeróbia é importante preditor que contribui com a preservação da independência funcional à medida que se envelhece. Sua mensuração transforma-se em ferramenta fundamental na identificação de múltiplos problemas de saúde. Objetivo Comparar a capacidade aeróbia de adultos e idosos com estudos internacionais e desenvolver percentis por faixas etárias, utilizando o método LMS. Métodos Elaborou-se um estudo descritivo transversal com 1.146 sujeitos (437 homens e 709 mulheres). A faixa etária da amostra variou de 50 a 84 anos. Os sujeitos avaliados eram oriundos dos programas de atividade física oferecidos pelo Instituto Nacional de Desporto (IND) e pela prefeitura de Talca (Chile). Avaliaram-se massa corporal, estatura, saturação de oxigênio (SatO2), teste de caminhada de 6 minutos e pressão arterial diastólica e sistólica. Calculou-se o índice de massa corporal (IMC) para ambos os sexos. Utilizou-se o método LMS para propor a distribuição percentílica. Resultados A capacidade aeróbia diminui com o decorrer da idade (28,5% para os homens e 29,9% para as mulheres). Houve relação negativa entre a idade e o teste de caminhada de 6 minutos (homens: r = -0,13; mulheres: r = -0,39). Observou-se discrepância entre os idosos do presente estudo com os de estudos internacionais. Os dados normativos para a classificação da aptidão aeróbia foram expressos em percentis (p3, p5, p10, p15, p25, p50, p75, p85, p90, p95 y p97). Conclusão Os idosos diminuem o desempenho aeróbio conforme a idade avança. Os presentes resultados diferem dos estudos internacionais, o que motivou o desenvolvimento dos percentis para classificar a aptidão aeróbia em situações cotidianas, especialmente em locais com poucos recursos e principalmente onde os testes de campo são considerados prioritários para avaliação física em larga escala. Nível de evidência II; Estudos diagnóstico - investigação de teste diagnóstico.

RESUMEN Introducción La aptitud aeróbica es un importante predictor que contribuye con la preservación de la independencia funcional a medida que se envejece. Su medición se transforma en una herramienta fundamental en la identificación de múltiples problemas de salud. Objetivo Comparar la capacidad aeróbica de adultos y ancianos con estudios internacionales y desarrollar percentiles por grupos de edad utilizando el método LMS. Métodos Se elaboró un estudio descriptivo transversal con 1146 sujetos (437 hombres y 709 mujeres). El grupo de edad de la muestra varió de 50 a 84 años. Los sujetos evaluados eran oriundos de los programas de actividad física ofrecidos por el Instituto Nacional de Deporte (IND) y por la Municipalidad de Talca (Chile). Se evaluaron masa corporal, estatura, saturación de oxígeno (SatO2), test de seis minutos de caminata y presión arterial diastólica y sistólica. Se calculó el índice de masa corporal (IMC) para ambos sexos. Se usó el método LMS para proponer la distribución de percentil. Resultados La capacidad aeróbica disminuye con el transcurso de la edad (28,5% para los hombres y 29,9% para las mujeres). Hubo relación negativa entre la edad y el test de caminata de seis minutos (hombres r= -0,13 y mujeres r= -0,39). Se observó discrepancia entre los ancianos del presente estudio con los de estudios internacionales. Los datos normativos para la clasificación de la aptitud aeróbica fueron expresados en percentiles (p3, p5, p10, p15, p25, p50, p75, p85, p90, p95 y p97). Conclusión Los ancianos disminuyen el rendimiento aeróbico conforme avanza la edad. Los presentes resultados difieren de los estudios internacionales, lo que motivó el desarrollo de los percentiles para clasificar la aptitud aeróbica en situaciones cotidianas, especialmente en locales con pocos recursos y principalmente donde los tests de campo son considerados prioritarios para la evaluación física a larga escala. Nivel de Evidencia II; Estudios diagnóstico-investigación de test diagnóstico.

Relación entre adiposidad corporal y salto horizontal en niños y adolescentes escolares / Relationship between body adiposity and horizontal jump in school children and adolescents

Resumen: Un alto nivel de aptitud física en la infancia y la adolescencia se asocia con resultados de salud física y mental más favorables. Objetivo: Comparar la adiposidad corporal y el salto horizontal con estudios internacionales y analizar la relación entre indicadores de adiposidad corporal y salto horizontal en niños y adolescentes. Pacientes y Método: Estudio descriptivo en 812 adolescentes de Talca (Chi le), con un rango de edad entre 10,0 a 16,9 años. Se evaluó el peso, estatura, la circunferencia de la cintura (CC) y el Salto Horizontal (SH) previo calentamiento de 10-15 minutos para evaluar la fuerza explosiva de las extremidades inferiores según protocolo de Castro-Piñero et al. Se comparó la adiposidad y el SH con estudios nacionales e internacionales. La normalidad de los datos fue ve rificada por el test de Kolmogorov-Smirnov. Se crearon curvas de percentiles (p50) suavizadas para el IMC, CC y SH para cada sexo según el método LMS. Resultados: Los adolescentes mostraron discrepancias en la adiposidad corporal y en el desempeño del SH con los estudios internacionales. En ambos sexos se verificaron correlaciones negativas y significativas entre el IMC y el SH (hom bres r= -0,104 y mujeres r= -0,149) y entre la CC y el SH (hombres r= -0,100 y mujeres r= -0,131). Los adolescentes que fueron clasificados en el tercil 1 (bueno) y tercil 2 (satisfactorio) presentaron menor adiposidad corporal (IMC y CC) y mejor desempeño en el SH en relación a los del tercil 3 (pobre). Conclusión: Se observó mayor adiposidad corporal y menor desempeño en el SH respecto a los estudios internacionales. Además, se verificó una relación negativa entre adiposidad corporal y SH. Estos hallazgos sugieren que el aumento progresivo de la adiposidad conforme la edad aumenta limita negativamente el desempeño de la fuerza de las extremidades inferiores de los niños y ado lescentes estudiados.

Abstract: A high level of physical fitness in childhood and adolescence is associated with more favorable phy sical and mental health outcomes. Objective: To compare body adiposity and horizontal jump per formance with international studies and to analyze the relationship between body adiposity and ho rizontal jump performance indicators in children and adolescents. Patients and Method: Descriptive study conducted on 812 adolescents from Talca (Chile), with an age range between 10.0 and 16.9 years. Weight, height, waist circumference (WC) and Horizontal jump (HJ) were evaluated after warm-up for 10 to 15 minutes to evaluate the explosive strength of the lower extremities according to the protocol of Castro-Piñero et al. Adiposity and HJ were compared with national and international studies. The data normality was verified by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Smoothed percentile cur ves (p50) were created for BMI, WC, and HJ for each gender according to the LMS method. Results: Adolescents showed differences in body adiposity and HJ performance with international studies. In both genders, negative and significant correlations were found between the BMI and the HJ (men r = -0.104 and women r = -0.149) and between the WC and the HJ (men r = -0.100 and women r = -0.131). The adolescents who were classified in tertile 1 (good) and tertile 2 (satisfactory) had lower body adiposity (BMI and WC) and better HJ performance than those in tertile 3 (poor). Conclusion: Higher body adiposity and lower HJ performance were observed compared to international studies. In addition, a negative relationship between body adiposity and HJ was found. These findings suggest that the progressive increase of adiposity as age increases negatively affects the strength performance of the lower extremities of the studied children and adolescents.

Crecimiento físico en jóvenes futbolistas chilenos: propuesta de percentiles por edad cronológica y biológica / Physical growth in young Chilean football players: Proposal of percentiles based on chronological and biological age

Objetivos. a) Comparar el crecimiento físico con la referencia americana de los Centros para el Control y la Prevención de Enfermedades (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, CDC) 2012; b) analizar el crecimiento físico por edad cronológica y biológica; c) proponer curvas de crecimiento físico por edad cronológica y biológica. Metodología. Se efectuó una investigación descriptiva (transversal) en jóvenes futbolistas de Chile sobre peso, estatura de pie y estatura sentada. Se compararon con las referencias del CDC-2012. Se desarrollaron percentiles por medio del método LMS. Resultados. Se estudió a 642 jóvenes futbolistas chilenos de 13,0-18,9 años. Su peso corporal fue inferior al CDC desde los 13,0 hasta los 18,9 años (p < 0,05), mientras que, en la estatura, no hubo diferencias significativas a edades iniciales (13,013,9 y 14,0-14,9 años). Las diferencias empezaron a aparecer desde los 15,0 hasta los 18,9 años (p < 0,05). Por edad cronológica, el peso explicó 31%; la estatura de pie, 16% y estatura sentada, 0,09%, mientras que, por edad biológica, el peso explicó 51%; la estatura de pie, 40% y estatura sentada, 54%. Se desarrollaron percentiles por edad cronológica y biológica. Conclusión. Estos jóvenes difieren en sus patrones de crecimiento físico en relación con el CDC-2012. Su evaluación refleja mejores porcentajes de explicación por edad biológica que por edad cronológica. Los percentiles propuestos pueden ser una alternativa para seguir la trayectoria de crecimiento físico de jóvenes futbolistas en contextos deportivos a corto, mediano y largo plazo.

Objectives. a) To compare physical growth to the 2012 American standard from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC); b) to analyze physical growth by chronological and biological age; c) to propose physical growth charts based on chronological and biological age. Methodology. A descriptive (cross-sectional) study was conducted in young Chilean football players based on weight, standing height, and sitting height. These were compared to the CDC-2012 standard. Percentiles were developed using the LMS method. Results. A total of 642 young Chilean football players aged 13.0-18.9 years were studied. Their body weight was lower than that of the CDC standard from 13.0 to 18.9 years old (p < 0.05), whereas their height showed no significant differences in the initial age categories (13.013.9 and 14.0-14.9 years). Differences started to be observed as of 15.0 years old up to 18.9 years old (p < 0.05). In relation to chronological age, weight explained 31%; standing height, 16%; and sitting height, 0.09%, whereas in relation to biological age, weight explained 51%; standing height, 40%; and sitting height, 54%. Percentiles were developed based on chronological and biological age. Conclusion. These youth showed different physical growth patterns compared to the CDC-2012 standard. Their assessment reflects better explanatory percentages for biological age than for chronological age. The proposed percentiles may be an alternative to keep track of the physical growth patterns of young football players in sports settings in the short, medium, and long term.

Physical growth in young Chilean football players: Proposal of percentiles based on chronological and biological age. / Crecimiento físico en jóvenes futbolistas chilenos: propuesta de percentiles por edad cronológica y biológica.

OBJECTIVES: a) To compare physical growth to the 2012 American standard from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC); b) to analyze physical growth by chronological and biological age; c) to propose physical growth charts based on chronological and biological age. Methodology. A descriptive (cross-sectional) study was conducted in young Chilean football players based on weight, standing height, and sitting height. These were compared to the CDC- 2012 standard. Percentiles were developed using the LMS method. RESULTS: A total of 642 young Chilean football players aged 13.0-18.9 years were studied. Their body weight was lower than that of the CDC standard from 13.0 to 18.9 years old (p < 0.05), whereas their height showed no significant differences in the initial age categories (13.0- 13.9 and 14.0-14.9 years). Differences started to be observed as of 15.0 years old up to 18.9 years old (p < 0.05). In relation to chronological age, weight explained 31%; standing height, 16%; and sitting height, 0.09%, whereas in relation to biological age, weight explained 51%; standing height, 40%; and sitting height, 54%. Percentiles were developed based on chronological and biological age. CONCLUSION: These youth showed different physical growth patterns compared to the CDC-2012 standard. Their assessment reflects better explanatory percentages for biological age than for chronological age. The proposed percentiles may be an alternative to keep track of the physical growth patterns of young football players in sports settings in the short, medium, and long term.

Objetivos. a) Comparar el crecimiento físico con la referencia americana de los Centros para el Control y la Prevención de Enfermedades (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, CDC) 2012; b) analizar el crecimiento físico por edad cronológica y biológica; c) proponer curvas de crecimiento físico por edad cronológica y biológica. Metodología. Se efectuó una investigación descriptiva (transversal) en jóvenes futbolistas de Chile sobre peso, estatura de pie y estatura sentada. Se compararon con las referencias del CDC-2012. Se desarrollaron percentiles por medio del método LMS. Resultados. Se estudió a 642 jóvenes futbolistas chilenos de 13,0-18,9 años. Su peso corporal fue inferior al CDC desde los 13,0 hasta los 18,9 años (p < 0,05), mientras que, en la estatura, no hubo diferencias significativas a edades iniciales (13,0- 13,9 y 14,0-14,9 años). Las diferencias empezaron a aparecer desde los 15,0 hasta los 18,9 años (p < 0,05). Por edad cronológica, el peso explicó 31%; la estatura de pie, 16% y estatura sentada, 0,09%, mientras que, por edad biológica, el peso explicó 51%; la estatura de pie, 40% y estatura sentada, 54%. Se desarrollaron percentiles por edad cronológica y biológica. Conclusión. Estos jóvenes difieren en sus patrones de crecimiento físico en relación con el CDC-2012. Su evaluación refleja mejores porcentajes de explicación por edad biológica que por edad cronológica. Los percentiles propuestos pueden ser una alternativa para seguir la trayectoria de crecimiento físico de jóvenes futbolistas en contextos deportivos a corto, mediano y largo plazo.

[Relationship between body adiposity and horizontal jump in school children and adolescents]. / Relación entre adiposidad corporal y salto horizontal en niños y adolescentes escolares.

A high level of physical fitness in childhood and adolescence is associated with more favorable phy sical and mental health outcomes. OBJECTIVE: To compare body adiposity and horizontal jump per formance with international studies and to analyze the relationship between body adiposity and ho rizontal jump performance indicators in children and adolescents. PATIENTS AND METHOD: Descriptive study conducted on 812 adolescents from Talca (Chile), with an age range between 10.0 and 16.9 years. Weight, height, waist circumference (WC) and Horizontal jump (HJ) were evaluated after warm-up for 10 to 15 minutes to evaluate the explosive strength of the lower extremities according to the protocol of Castro-Piñero et al. Adiposity and HJ were compared with national and international studies. The data normality was verified by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Smoothed percentile cur ves (p50) were created for BMI, WC, and HJ for each gender according to the LMS method. RESULTS: Adolescents showed differences in body adiposity and HJ performance with international studies. In both genders, negative and significant correlations were found between the BMI and the HJ (men r = -0.104 and women r = -0.149) and between the WC and the HJ (men r = -0.100 and women r = -0.131). The adolescents who were classified in tertile 1 (good) and tertile 2 (satisfactory) had lower body adiposity (BMI and WC) and better HJ performance than those in tertile 3 (poor). CONCLUSION: Higher body adiposity and lower HJ performance were observed compared to international studies. In addition, a negative relationship between body adiposity and HJ was found. These findings suggest that the progressive increase of adiposity as age increases negatively affects the strength performance of the lower extremities of the studied children and adolescents.

Desarrollo motor grueso y estado nutricional en niños preescolares con presencia y ausencia de transición I, que cursan el nivel de transición II / Gross motor development and nutritional status among preschool children with presence and absence in transition level I, going through transition level II

El objetivo es evaluar y comparar el desarrollo motor grueso y el estado nutricional, entre preescolares con pre-sencia y ausencia de transición I, que cursan el nivel de transición II. El método: muestra total de 39 niños(as), en edades de 4 y 5 años, correspondiente a un diseño no experimental, descriptivo, transversal, con un enfoque cuantitativo. El estado nutricional, se calculó por medio del índice de masa corporal y para las habilidades motoras gruesas se utilizó la batería motriz, TGMD-2. Los resultados en cuanto al desarrollo motor grueso, presentan dife-rencias a favor del grupo con presencia de transición I en las pruebas de subtest locomotor y de control de objetos; galopar, salto, batear una bola estacionaria, drible estacionario y tomar el balón, las cuales no alcanzan a ser esta-dísticamente significativas en el coeficiente motor total entre ambos grupos. Con respecto al estado nutricional, un 55% de quienes cursaron transición I se encuentran entre sobrepeso y obesidad, mientras que un 26.3% de quienes no lo cursaron se encuentran en esta categoría. Conclusión: en el estado nutricional ambos grupos obtuvieron va-lores similares, quienes cursaron el nivel transición I obtienen mejores resultados en algunas pruebas, diferencias que no alcanzan a ser estadísticamente significativas.

The objective of this study is to evaluate and compare gross motor development and nutritional status among preschool children with presence and absence in transition level I, going through transition level 2. Method: A total sample of 39 children, aged between 4 and 5 years old, corresponding to a non-experimental, descriptive, cross-sectional design with a quantitative approach. The measurement of the nutritional status was calculated by the use of the body mass index (B.M.I) and gross motor skills by the use of a motor battery, TGMD-2. Results: as for gross motor development, there are differences which favor the group with transition I presence in the locomo-tive and object control subtests; galloping, jumping, hitting a stationary ball, steady dribbling and taking the ball, which cannot reach a statistically significant level in regards to the total motor coefficient between both groups. With regards to nutritional status, 55% of the students who went through transition I are found in the overweight and obese category, while 26.3% of those who did not go through it are in this category. Conclusion: In terms of the nutritional status, both groups obtained similar values; those who went through the level I transition obtained better results in some tests. These are differences which cannot be considered statistically significant.

[Physical activity patterns of school adolescents: Validity, reliability and percentiles proposal for their evaluation]. / Patrones de actividad física de adolescentes escolares: validez, confiabilidad y propuesta de percentiles para su evaluación.

Regular physical activity (PA) during childhood and adolescence is important for the prevention of non-communicable diseases and their risk factors. OBJECTIVES: To validate a questionnaire for measuring patterns of PA, verify the reliability, comparing the levels of PA aligned with chronological and biological age, and to develop percentile curves to assess PA levels depending on biological maturation. SUBJECTS AND METHOD: Descriptive cross-sectional study was performed on a sample non-probabilistic quota of 3,176 Chilean adolescents (1685 males and 1491 females), with a mean age range from 10.0 to 18.9 years. An analysis was performed on, weight, standing and sitting height. The biological age through the years of peak growth rate and chronological age in years was determined. Body Mass Index was calculated and a survey of PA was applied. The LMS method was used to develop percentiles. RESULTS: The values for the confirmatory analysis showed saturations between 0.517 and 0.653. The value of adequacy of Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) was 0.879 and with 70.8% of the variance explained. The Cronbach alpha values ranged from 0.81 to 0.86. There were differences between the genders when aligned chronological age. There were no differences when aligned by biological age. Percentiles are proposed to classify the PA of adolescents of both genders according to biological age and sex. CONCLUSION: The questionnaire used was valid and reliable, plus the PA should be evaluated by biological age. These findings led to the development of percentiles to assess PA according to biological age and gender.

Patrones de actividad física de adolescentes escolares: validez, confiabilidad y propuesta de percentiles para su evaluación / Physical activity patterns of school adolescents: Validity, reliability and percentiles proposal for their evaluation

La actividad física (AF) regular durante la infancia y adolescencia es importante para prevenir las enfermedades no transmisibles y sus factores de riesgo. Objetivos: Validar un cuestionario que mide patrones de AF, su fiabilidad, comparar los niveles de AF alineados por edad cronológica y biológica y desarrollar curvas percentílicas para valorar los niveles de AF en función de la maduración biológica. Sujetos y Método: Estudio descriptivo, transversal, de una muestra no probabilística por cuotas, de 3.176 adolescentes (1.685 hombre y 1.491 mujeres) chilenos con edades entre 10,0 y 18,9 años. Se evaluó el peso y la estatura de pie y sentada. Se determinó la edad biológica a través de los años de pico de velocidad de crecimiento y la edad cronológica en años. Se calculó el índice de masa corporal y se aplicó una encuesta de AF. Se utilizó el método LMS para desarrollar percentiles. Resultados: Los valores para el análisis confirmatorio mostraron saturaciones entre 0,517 y 0,653, el valor de adecuación de Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) fue de 0,879 y el porcentaje de la varianza explicó el 70,8%. Los valores de alpha de Cronbach oscilaron entre 0,81 y 0,86. Hubo diferencias de AF entre ambos géneros cuando se alineó por edad cronológica y no hubo diferencias por edad biológica. Se proponen percentiles para clasificar la AF de adolescentes de ambos géneros de acuerdo a la edad biológica y al sexo. Conclusión: El cuestionario fue válido y confiable; la AF debe ser evaluada por la edad biológica. Estos hallazgos dieron origen al desarrollo de percentiles para valorar AF de acuerdo a la edad biológica y al género.

Regular physical activity (PA) during childhood and adolescence is important for the prevention of non-communicable diseases and their risk factors. Objectives: To validate a questionnaire for measuring patterns of PA, verify the reliability, comparing the levels of PA aligned with chronological and biological age, and to develop percentile curves to assess PA levels depending on biological maturation. Subjects and Method: Descriptive cross-sectional study was performed on a sample non-probabilistic quota of 3,176 Chilean adolescents (1685 males and 1491 females), with a mean age range from 10.0 to 18.9 years. An analysis was performed on, weight, standing and sitting height. The biological age through the years of peak growth rate and chronological age in years was determined. Body Mass Index was calculated and a survey of PA was applied. The LMS method was used to develop percentiles. Results: The values for the confirmatory analysis showed saturations between 0.517 and 0.653. The value of adequacy of Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) was 0.879 and with 70.8% of the variance explained. The Cronbach alpha values ranged from 0.81 to 0.86. There were differences between the genders when aligned chronological age. There were no differences when aligned by biological age. Percentiles are proposed to classify the PA of adolescents of both genders according to biological age and sex. Conclusion: The questionnaire used was valid and reliable, plus the PA should be evaluated by biological age. These findings led to the development of percentiles to assess PA according to biological age and gender.

Estudio longitudinal de la aptitud física de adolescentes mujeres que efectuaban actividad física durante dos veces por semana / Longitudinal study of physical fitness of female adolescents who performed physical activity twice a week

Introducción: La valoración de la aptitud física es un importante indicador de la salud durante la etapa de la niñez y la adolescencia y es un excelente predictor de la salud en la vida adulta. Objetivo: Monitorizar la aptitud física de un grupo de adolescentes escolares de forma longitudinal que efectuaban actividad física durante dos veces por semana. Métodos: Se efectuó un estudio longitudinal (Panel). Se evaluó a 93 adolescentes del sexo femenino que se encontraban en el primer año de enseñanza media (14.49±0.2 años). Se evaluó cada año durante el mes de marzo (2010, 2011, 2012 y 2013). Se evaluó las variables antropométricas (peso y estatura) y las pruebas físicas (Flexibilidad, fuerza abdominal, salto horizontal y resistencia aeróbica). Se calculó el índice de Masa Corporal (IMC). Resultados: Las variables de peso, estatura e IMC se mantuvieron constantes durante los 4 años de seguimiento, mientras que la variable de flexibilidad se mantuvo relativamente estable en los tres primeros años, posteriormente hubo disminución significativa a los 17 años (p<0.001). En las pruebas de fuerza abdominal y salto horizontal se observó incrementos significativos a los 16 y 17 años en relación a los 14 años (p<0.001), sin embargo, la resistencia aeróbica aumentó progresivamente a los 15, 16 y 17 años (p<0.001). Conclusión: Tras la monitorización a una muestra de mujeres adolescentes durante cuatro años de estudio, se determinó que la práctica de actividad física programada durante dos veces por semana contribuye al mejoramiento y manutención de la aptitud física de jóvenes adolescentes (AU)

Introduction: The assessment of physical fitness is an important indicator of health during the stage of childhood and adolescence and is an excellent predictor of health in adult life. Aim: To monitor the fitness of a group of adolescent students who performed longitudinally physical activity twice a week. Methods: A longitudinal study (Panel) was performed. 93 female adolescents who were in the first year of secondary school (14.49 ± 0.2 years) were evaluated. We evaluated each year during the month of March (2010, 2011, 2012 and 2013). Anthropometric variables (weight and height) and physical tests (flexibility, abdominal strength and endurance horizontal jump) were evaluated. Body Mass Index (BMI) was calculated. Results: The variables weight, height and BMI were kept constant during the 4 years of follow-up, while the variable flexibility remained relatively stable in the first three years, then there was significant at 17 years (p<0.001) decrease. In tests of abdominal strength and vertical jump significant at 16 and 17 in relation to the 14 years (p<0.001) increases were noted, however, aerobic endurance gradually increased at 15, 16 and 17 (p<0.001). Conclusion: After monitoring a sample of adolescent girls for four years of study, it was determined that the practice of physical activity scheduled for twice a week contributes to the improvement and maintenance of the physical fitness of young adolescents (AU)